Civil and Commercial Law

The right legal counsel helps you assess risk, protect your interests and choose the next step.

Civil and commercial law applies when relationships between individuals, businesses, companies or other entities become legal matters: a financial claim, breach of contract, commercial agreement, payment demand, legal opinion, negotiation or representation before a court or other forum. An unpaid debt, an agreement that was not performed, or a business dispute may initially appear to be a narrow issue. Without proper review, however, it may affect finances, obligations, business activity and legal rights. The right legal counsel allows you to take stock before acting, understand your position, choose an appropriate course of action and manage the matter in an orderly way — before decisions are made that may be difficult to correct later. Our firm advises private and business clients in civil and commercial matters, from the initial review of the situation and formulation of a strategy, through negotiations and commercial agreements, to representation in claims and legal proceedings.

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Litigation and representation before courts and other forums.

There are cases in which a dispute cannot be resolved through conversation, correspondence or negotiation. When a matter reaches court, an appeal committee or another competent forum, representation must address the full legal and factual context: what the documents say, what actually happened, what can be proven and what each step may mean later on. Our firm handles litigation and represents private and business clients before various forums, including courts, public and governmental bodies, and appeal committees. At this stage, representation is not limited to filing pleadings. It includes reviewing the documents, assessing the evidence and choosing the strategy for managing the proceedings.

Negotiation guided by legal judgment.

In many cases, the path to resolution runs through negotiation. Even when the goal is to reach an agreement, it is important to understand the rights involved, the strengths and weaknesses of the position, and the significance of every concession or obligation. Negotiation that is not managed carefully may lead to an imprecise agreement, an overly broad waiver or an arrangement that does not properly resolve the dispute. Our firm conducts negotiations in civil and commercial matters while protecting the client’s interests and assessing the legal implications of each stage.

Commercial contracts that stand up when disputes arise.

A well-drafted commercial agreement is not tested only on the day it is signed. It is also tested when something goes wrong: payment is delayed, an obligation is not fulfilled, or a dispute arises over the interpretation of the agreement. For that reason, a contract should not merely describe the transaction. It should also address responsibility, obligations, deadlines, payments, confidentiality and the steps to be taken in the event of breach. We advise companies and businesses in the negotiation, drafting and review of commercial agreements, with the aim of creating agreements that are clear, workable and suited to the way the arrangement is intended to operate in practice.

Questions and Answers

What is important to know before a real estate transaction?

I am owed money: should I file a financial claim?

Not every unpaid debt should immediately lead to court proceedings. Before filing a financial claim, it is important to examine the source of the debt, the documents supporting it, whether there is a clear legal obligation, and whether the amount is realistically recoverable even after obtaining a judgment.

In some cases, a formal demand letter or negotiation may be the right first step. In others, early legal action may be necessary.
What should I do if a contract has been breached?

When one party fails to meet its contractual obligations, the agreement itself, the parties' conduct, the alleged breach, and any resulting damage should all be examined carefully.

Depending on the circumstances, possible remedies may include seeking performance of the agreement, claiming damages, terminating the agreement, or negotiating a resolution. The appropriate course depends on the documents, the client's objectives, and the available evidence.
I received a statement of claim — what should I do?

The first rule is not to ignore it or delay. The deadline for filing a statement of defence should be checked immediately, together with the allegations made against you and the relevant supporting documents.

It is also important to assess whether there are valid defences, counterclaims, or opportunities to resolve the matter outside court. An incomplete response or missed deadline may materially affect your ability to conduct the case properly.
How do I know whether I have grounds for a financial claim?

A financial claim generally requires a legal and factual basis for demanding payment — for example, an unpaid debt, breach of contract, financial loss, or failure to perform an agreed obligation.

Assessing the claim requires reviewing the relevant agreements, correspondence, payments, records, and other evidence that supports the existence and amount of the debt or loss.
What documents are needed for a financial claim?

Relevant documents will usually include the agreement or obligation on which the claim is based, invoices, receipts, payment records, correspondence, formal demands, evidence of breach or loss, and any other material that supports the claim.

The clearer and more complete the documentary record, the easier it is to assess the case and present the claim in a structured and persuasive manner.
When is it better to seek enforcement of a contract rather than financial compensation?

Specific performance may be appropriate where the objective is to require the other party to carry out the obligation they undertook. A claim for damages may be more appropriate where financial loss has already occurred or where performance is no longer practical or useful.

The choice between enforcement and compensation depends on the type of agreement, the nature of the breach, the resulting damage, and what the client ultimately wants to achieve.
Can a business dispute be resolved outside court?

Yes. Many commercial disputes can be addressed through negotiation, a formal legal demand, an agreed settlement, mediation, or another dispute-resolution mechanism available to the parties.

Any settlement should be negotiated with a clear understanding of the legal rights and risks involved, so that the agreement does not leave important issues unresolved or expose the client to future disputes.
Should I send a demand letter before filing a claim?

In many cases, a formal demand letter is an appropriate step before commencing proceedings. It allows the claim to be presented clearly, sets out the relevant allegations, and gives the other party an opportunity to resolve the matter before litigation begins.

However, a demand letter is not always sufficient or appropriate, particularly where delay may create additional risk. The circumstances of the case should therefore be assessed before deciding how to proceed.
How is the amount of a financial claim calculated?

The amount claimed should be based on the debt, loss, or contractual obligation that can actually be established. This may require examining the agreement, payments made, invoices, losses incurred, related expenses, and, where relevant, interest or indexation.

The amount should not be based on a general estimate alone, but on a claim that can be explained and supported by evidence.
The other party has not paid despite a signed agreement — what can I do?

The first step is to review the agreement, payment deadlines, correspondence between the parties, and the documents establishing the debt.

Depending on the circumstances, possible steps may include making a formal demand, entering into negotiations, sending a legal demand letter, or filing a financial claim. The appropriate course should take into account the contractual documents, the amount involved, and the practical prospects of recovery.

You deserve close, professional, and personal legal support.

In the most expensive and important transaction of your life, I will be there for you.
From the negotiation stage through delivery or receiving the keys, registration in the Land Registry, and far beyond.